Fedora 41 has reached Linux 6.12 kernel with TOMOYO enabled. I observed
that /usr/lib/systemd/systemd executes /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor
by passing dirfd == 9 or dirfd == 16 upon execveat().
Commit ada1986d07 ("tomoyo: fallback to realpath if symlink's pathname
does not exist") used realpath only if symlink's pathname does not exist.
But an out of tree patch suggested that it will be reasonable to always
use realpath if symlink's pathname refers to proc filesystem.
Therefore, this patch changes the pathname used for checking "file execute"
and the domainname used after a successful execve() request.
Before:
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd
file execute proc:/self/fd/16 exec.realpath="/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor" exec.argv[0]="/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor"
file execute proc:/self/fd/9 exec.realpath="/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor" exec.argv[0]="/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor"
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd proc:/self/fd/16
file execute /usr/sbin/auditd exec.realpath="/usr/sbin/auditd" exec.argv[0]="/usr/sbin/auditd"
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd proc:/self/fd/16 /usr/sbin/auditd
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd proc:/self/fd/9
file execute /usr/bin/systemctl exec.realpath="/usr/bin/systemctl" exec.argv[0]="/usr/bin/systemctl"
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd proc:/self/fd/9 /usr/bin/systemctl
After:
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd
file execute /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor exec.realpath="/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor" exec.argv[0]="/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor"
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor
file execute /usr/bin/systemctl exec.realpath="/usr/bin/systemctl" exec.argv[0]="/usr/bin/systemctl"
file execute /usr/sbin/auditd exec.realpath="/usr/sbin/auditd" exec.argv[0]="/usr/sbin/auditd"
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor /usr/bin/systemctl
<kernel> /usr/lib/systemd/systemd /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-executor /usr/sbin/auditd
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
syzbot is reporting too large allocation warning at tomoyo_write_control(),
for one can write a very very long line without new line character. To fix
this warning, I use __GFP_NOWARN rather than checking for KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE,
for practically a valid line should be always shorter than 32KB where the
"too small to fail" memory-allocation rule applies.
One might try to write a valid line that is longer than 32KB, but such
request will likely fail with -ENOMEM. Therefore, I feel that separately
returning -EINVAL when a line is longer than KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE is redundant.
There is no need to distinguish over-32KB and over-KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE.
Reported-by: syzbot+7536f77535e5210a5c76@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=7536f77535e5210a5c76
Reported-by: Leo Stone <leocstone@gmail.com>
Closes: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20241216021459.178759-2-leocstone@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
This patch reverts two TOMOYO patches that were merged into Linus' tree
during the v6.12 merge window:
8b985bbfab ("tomoyo: allow building as a loadable LSM module")
268225a1de ("tomoyo: preparation step for building as a loadable LSM module")
Together these two patches introduced the CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO_LKM
Kconfig build option which enabled a TOMOYO specific dynamic LSM loading
mechanism (see the original commits for more details). Unfortunately,
this approach was widely rejected by the LSM community as well as some
members of the general kernel community. Objections included concerns
over setting a bad precedent regarding individual LSMs managing their
LSM callback registrations as well as general kernel symbol exporting
practices. With little to no support for the CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO_LKM
approach outside of Tetsuo, and multiple objections, we need to revert
these changes.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/0c4b443a-9c72-4800-97e8-a3816b6a9ae2@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/CAHC9VhR=QjdoHG3wJgHFJkKYBg7vkQH2MpffgVzQ0tAByo_wRg@mail.gmail.com
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Alfred Agrell found that TOMOYO cannot handle execveat(AT_EMPTY_PATH)
inside chroot environment where /dev and /proc are not mounted, for
commit 51f39a1f0c ("syscalls: implement execveat() system call") missed
that TOMOYO tries to canonicalize argv[0] when the filename fed to the
executed program as argv[0] is supplied using potentially nonexistent
pathname.
Since "/dev/fd/<fd>" already lost symlink information used for obtaining
that <fd>, it is too late to reconstruct symlink's pathname. Although
<filename> part of "/dev/fd/<fd>/<filename>" might not be canonicalized,
TOMOYO cannot use tomoyo_realpath_nofollow() when /dev or /proc is not
mounted. Therefore, fallback to tomoyo_realpath_from_path() when
tomoyo_realpath_nofollow() failed.
Reported-by: Alfred Agrell <blubban@gmail.com>
Closes: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1082001
Fixes: 51f39a1f0c ("syscalls: implement execveat() system call")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v3.19+
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
One of concerns for enabling TOMOYO in prebuilt kernels is that distributor
wants to avoid bloating kernel packages. Although boot-time kernel command
line options allows selecting built-in LSMs to enable, file size increase
of vmlinux and memory footprint increase of vmlinux caused by builtin-but-
not-enabled LSMs remains. If it becomes possible to make LSMs dynamically
appendable after boot using loadable kernel modules, these problems will
go away.
Another of concerns for enabling TOMOYO in prebuilt kernels is that who can
provide support when distributor cannot provide support. Due to "those who
compiled kernel code is expected to provide support for that kernel code"
spell, TOMOYO is failing to get enabled in Fedora distribution [1]. The
point of loadable kernel module is to share the workload. If it becomes
possible to make LSMs dynamically appendable after boot using loadable
kernel modules, as with people can use device drivers not supported by
distributors but provided by third party device vendors, we can break
this spell and can lower the barrier for using TOMOYO.
This patch is intended for demonstrating that there is nothing difficult
for supporting TOMOYO-like loadable LSM modules. For now we need to live
with a mixture of built-in part and loadable part because fully loadable
LSM modules are not supported since Linux 2.6.24 [2] and number of LSMs
which can reserve static call slots is determined at compile time in
Linux 6.12.
Major changes in this patch are described below.
There are no behavior changes as long as TOMOYO is built into vmlinux.
Add CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO_LKM as "bool" instead of changing
CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO from "bool" to "tristate", for something went
wrong with how Makefile is evaluated if I choose "tristate".
Add proxy.c for serving as a bridge between vmlinux and tomoyo.ko .
Move callback functions from init.c to proxy.c when building as a loadable
LSM module. init.c is built-in part and remains for reserving static call
slots. proxy.c contains module's init function and tells init.c location of
callback functions, making it possible to use static call for tomoyo.ko .
By deferring initialization of "struct tomoyo_task" until tomoyo.ko is
loaded, threads created between init.c reserved LSM hooks and proxy.c
updates LSM hooks will have NULL "struct tomoyo_task" instances. Assuming
that tomoyo.ko is loaded by the moment when the global init process starts,
initialize "struct tomoyo_task" instance for current thread as a kernel
thread when tomoyo_task(current) is called for the first time.
There is a hack for exporting currently not-exported functions.
This hack will be removed after all relevant functions are exported.
Link: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=542986 [1]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/caafb609-8bef-4840-a080-81537356fc60@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp [2]
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
In order to allow Makefile to generate tomoyo.ko as output, rename
tomoyo.c to hooks.h and cut out LSM hook registration part that will be
built into vmlinux from hooks.h to init.c . Also, update comments and
relocate some variables. No behavior changes.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Kbuild conventionally uses $(obj)/ for generated files, and $(src)/ for
checked-in source files. It is merely a convention without any functional
difference. In fact, $(obj) and $(src) are exactly the same, as defined
in scripts/Makefile.build:
src := $(obj)
When the kernel is built in a separate output directory, $(src) does
not accurately reflect the source directory location. While Kbuild
resolves this discrepancy by specifying VPATH=$(srctree) to search for
source files, it does not cover all cases. For example, when adding a
header search path for local headers, -I$(srctree)/$(src) is typically
passed to the compiler.
This introduces inconsistency between upstream and downstream Makefiles
because $(src) is used instead of $(srctree)/$(src) for the latter.
To address this inconsistency, this commit changes the semantics of
$(src) so that it always points to the directory in the source tree.
Going forward, the variables used in Makefiles will have the following
meanings:
$(obj) - directory in the object tree
$(src) - directory in the source tree (changed by this commit)
$(objtree) - the top of the kernel object tree
$(srctree) - the top of the kernel source tree
Consequently, $(srctree)/$(src) in upstream Makefiles need to be replaced
with $(src).
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Nicolas Schier <nicolas@fjasle.eu>
Since tomoyo_write_control() updates head->write_buf when write()
of long lines is requested, we need to fetch head->write_buf after
head->io_sem is held. Otherwise, concurrent write() requests can
cause use-after-free-write and double-free problems.
Reported-by: Sam Sun <samsun1006219@gmail.com>
Closes: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAEkJfYNDspuGxYx5kym8Lvp--D36CMDUErg4rxfWFJuPbbji8g@mail.gmail.com
Fixes: bd03a3e4c9 ("TOMOYO: Add policy namespace support.")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # Linux 3.1+
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After commit 978ffcbf00 ("execve: open the executable file before
doing anything else"), current->in_execve was no longer in sync with the
open(). This broke AppArmor and TOMOYO which depend on this flag to
distinguish "open" operations from being "exec" operations.
Instead of moving around in_execve, switch to using __FMODE_EXEC, which
is where the "is this an exec?" intent is stored. Note that TOMOYO still
uses in_execve around cred handling.
Reported-by: Kevin Locke <kevin@kevinlocke.name>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/ZbE4qn9_h14OqADK@kevinlocke.name
Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fixes: 978ffcbf00 ("execve: open the executable file before doing anything else")
Cc: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Cc: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Cc: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Serge E. Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Cc: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: <linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Cc: <apparmor@lists.ubuntu.com>
Cc: <linux-security-module@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Some ioctl commands do not require ioctl permission, but are routed to
other permissions such as FILE_GETATTR or FILE_SETATTR. This routing is
done by comparing the ioctl cmd to a set of 64-bit flags (FS_IOC_*).
However, if a 32-bit process is running on a 64-bit kernel, it emits
32-bit flags (FS_IOC32_*) for certain ioctl operations. These flags are
being checked erroneously, which leads to these ioctl operations being
routed to the ioctl permission, rather than the correct file
permissions.
This was also noted in a RED-PEN finding from a while back -
"/* RED-PEN how should LSM module know it's handling 32bit? */".
This patch introduces a new hook, security_file_ioctl_compat(), that is
called from the compat ioctl syscall. All current LSMs have been changed
to support this hook.
Reviewing the three places where we are currently using
security_file_ioctl(), it appears that only SELinux needs a dedicated
compat change; TOMOYO and SMACK appear to be functional without any
change.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 0b24dcb7f2 ("Revert "selinux: simplify ioctl checking"")
Signed-off-by: Alfred Piccioni <alpic@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Stephen Smalley <stephen.smalley.work@gmail.com>
[PM: subject tweak, line length fixes, and alignment corrections]
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
As the kernel test robot helpfully reminded us, all of the lsm_id
instances defined inside the various LSMs should be marked as static.
The one exception is Landlock which uses its lsm_id variable across
multiple source files with an extern declaration in a header file.
Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Suggested-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Reviewed-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Create a struct lsm_id to contain identifying information about Linux
Security Modules (LSMs). At inception this contains the name of the
module and an identifier associated with the security module. Change
the security_add_hooks() interface to use this structure. Change the
individual modules to maintain their own struct lsm_id and pass it to
security_add_hooks().
The values are for LSM identifiers are defined in a new UAPI
header file linux/lsm.h. Each existing LSM has been updated to
include it's LSMID in the lsm_id.
The LSM ID values are sequential, with the oldest module
LSM_ID_CAPABILITY being the lowest value and the existing modules
numbered in the order they were included in the main line kernel.
This is an arbitrary convention for assigning the values, but
none better presents itself. The value 0 is defined as being invalid.
The values 1-99 are reserved for any special case uses which may
arise in the future. This may include attributes of the LSM
infrastructure itself, possibly related to namespacing or network
attribute management. A special range is identified for such attributes
to help reduce confusion for developers unfamiliar with LSMs.
LSM attribute values are defined for the attributes presented by
modules that are available today. As with the LSM IDs, The value 0
is defined as being invalid. The values 1-99 are reserved for any
special case uses which may arise in the future.
Cc: linux-security-module <linux-security-module@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Reviewed-by: Mickael Salaun <mic@digikod.net>
Reviewed-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Nacked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
[PM: forward ported beyond v6.6 due merge window changes]
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Three LSMs register the implementations for the 'bprm_committed_creds()'
hook: AppArmor, SELinux and tomoyo. Looking at the function
implementations we may observe that the 'bprm' parameter is not changing.
Mark the 'bprm' parameter of LSM hook security_bprm_committed_creds() as
'const' since it will not be changing in the LSM hook.
Signed-off-by: Khadija Kamran <kamrankhadijadj@gmail.com>
[PM: minor merge fuzzing due to other constification patches]
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
The last usage of tomoyo_check_flags() has been removed by commit
57c2590fb7 ("TOMOYO: Update profile structure."). Clean up its
residual declaration.
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi1@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
`strncpy` is deprecated for use on NUL-terminated destination strings [1].
A suitable replacement is `strscpy` [2] due to the fact that it
guarantees NUL-termination on its destination buffer argument which is
_not_ the case for `strncpy`!
It should be noted that the destination buffer is zero-initialized and
had a max length of `sizeof(dest) - 1`. There is likely _not_ a bug
present in the current implementation. However, by switching to
`strscpy` we get the benefit of no longer needing the `- 1`'s from the
string copy invocations on top of `strscpy` being a safer interface all
together.
[1]: www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/deprecated.html#strncpy-on-nul-terminated-strings
[2]: https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-manual-4.8/strscpy.9.en.html
Link: https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/90
Cc: linux-hardening@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Justin Stitt <justinstitt@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Format attributes on functions taking format string can help compilers
detect argument type or count mismatches.
Please the compiler when building with W=1:
security/tomoyo/audit.c: In function ‘tomoyo_init_log’:
security/tomoyo/audit.c:290:9: error: function ‘tomoyo_init_log’ might be a candidate for ‘gnu_printf’ format attribute [-Werror=suggest-attribute=format]
290 | vsnprintf(buf + pos, len - pos, fmt, args);
| ^~~~~~~~~
security/tomoyo/audit.c: In function ‘tomoyo_write_log2’:
security/tomoyo/audit.c:376:9: error: function ‘tomoyo_write_log2’ might be a candidate for ‘gnu_printf’ format attribute [-Werror=suggest-attribute=format]
376 | buf = tomoyo_init_log(r, len, fmt, args);
| ^~~
security/tomoyo/common.c: In function ‘tomoyo_addprintf’:
security/tomoyo/common.c:193:9: error: function ‘tomoyo_addprintf’ might be a candidate for ‘gnu_printf’ format attribute [-Werror=suggest-attribute=format]
193 | vsnprintf(buffer + pos, len - pos - 1, fmt, args);
| ^~~~~~~~~
Signed-off-by: Christian Göttsche <cgzones@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
The only instances of get_user_pages_remote() invocations which used the
vmas parameter were for a single page which can instead simply look up the
VMA directly. In particular:-
- __update_ref_ctr() looked up the VMA but did nothing with it so we simply
remove it.
- __access_remote_vm() was already using vma_lookup() when the original
lookup failed so by doing the lookup directly this also de-duplicates the
code.
We are able to perform these VMA operations as we already hold the
mmap_lock in order to be able to call get_user_pages_remote().
As part of this work we add get_user_page_vma_remote() which abstracts the
VMA lookup, error handling and decrementing the page reference count should
the VMA lookup fail.
This forms part of a broader set of patches intended to eliminate the vmas
parameter altogether.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: avoid passing NULL to PTR_ERR]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/d20128c849ecdbf4dd01cc828fcec32127ed939a.1684350871.git.lstoakes@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lstoakes@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> (for arm64)
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Janosch Frank <frankja@linux.ibm.com> (for s390)
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Cc: Dennis Dalessandro <dennis.dalessandro@cornelisnetworks.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko@kernel.org>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Sakari Ailus <sakari.ailus@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
After working with the larger SELinux-based distros for several
years, we're finally at a place where we can disable the SELinux
runtime disable functionality. The existing kernel deprecation
notice explains the functionality and why we want to remove it:
The selinuxfs "disable" node allows SELinux to be disabled at
runtime prior to a policy being loaded into the kernel. If
disabled via this mechanism, SELinux will remain disabled until
the system is rebooted.
The preferred method of disabling SELinux is via the "selinux=0"
boot parameter, but the selinuxfs "disable" node was created to
make it easier for systems with primitive bootloaders that did not
allow for easy modification of the kernel command line.
Unfortunately, allowing for SELinux to be disabled at runtime makes
it difficult to secure the kernel's LSM hooks using the
"__ro_after_init" feature.
It is that last sentence, mentioning the '__ro_after_init' hardening,
which is the real motivation for this change, and if you look at the
diffstat you'll see that the impact of this patch reaches across all
the different LSMs, helping prevent tampering at the LSM hook level.
From a SELinux perspective, it is important to note that if you
continue to disable SELinux via "/etc/selinux/config" it may appear
that SELinux is disabled, but it is simply in an uninitialized state.
If you load a policy with `load_policy -i`, you will see SELinux
come alive just as if you had loaded the policy during early-boot.
It is also worth noting that the "/sys/fs/selinux/disable" file is
always writable now, regardless of the Kconfig settings, but writing
to the file has no effect on the system, other than to display an
error on the console if a non-zero/true value is written.
Finally, in the several years where we have been working on
deprecating this functionality, there has only been one instance of
someone mentioning any user visible breakage. In this particular
case it was an individual's kernel test system, and the workaround
documented in the deprecation notice ("selinux=0" on the kernel
command line) resolved the issue without problem.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
It seems tomoyo has had its own implementation of what
kmalloc_size_roundup() does today. Remove the function tomoyo_round2()
and replace it with kmalloc_size_roundup(). It provides more accurate
results and doesn't contain a while loop.
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Now that the SRCU Kconfig option is unconditionally selected, there is
no longer any point in selecting it. Therefore, remove the "select SRCU"
Kconfig statements.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
bin2c was, as its name implies, introduced to convert a binary file to
C code.
However, I did not see any good reason ever for using this tool because
using the .incbin directive is much faster, and often results in simpler
code.
Most of the uses of bin2c have been killed, for example:
- 13610aa908 ("kernel/configs: use .incbin directive to embed config_data.gz")
- 4c0f032d49 ("s390/purgatory: Omit use of bin2c")
security/tomoyo/Makefile has even less reason for using bin2c because
the policy files are text data. So, sed is enough for converting them
to C string literals, and what is nicer, generates human-readable
builtin-policy.h.
This is the last user of bin2c. After this commit lands, bin2c will be
removed.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
[penguin-kernel: Update sed script to also escape backslash and quote ]
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
If *.conf.default is updated, builtin-policy.h should be rebuilt,
but this does not work when compiled with O= option.
[Without this commit]
$ touch security/tomoyo/policy/exception_policy.conf.default
$ make O=/tmp security/tomoyo/
make[1]: Entering directory '/tmp'
GEN Makefile
CALL /home/masahiro/ref/linux/scripts/checksyscalls.sh
DESCEND objtool
make[1]: Leaving directory '/tmp'
[With this commit]
$ touch security/tomoyo/policy/exception_policy.conf.default
$ make O=/tmp security/tomoyo/
make[1]: Entering directory '/tmp'
GEN Makefile
CALL /home/masahiro/ref/linux/scripts/checksyscalls.sh
DESCEND objtool
POLICY security/tomoyo/builtin-policy.h
CC security/tomoyo/common.o
AR security/tomoyo/built-in.a
make[1]: Leaving directory '/tmp'
$(srctree)/ is essential because $(wildcard ) does not follow VPATH.
Fixes: f02dee2d14 ("tomoyo: Do not generate empty policy files")
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Like path_truncate, the file_truncate hook also restricts file
truncation, but is called in the cases where truncation is attempted
on an already-opened file.
This is required in a subsequent commit to handle ftruncate()
operations differently to truncate() operations.
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Signed-off-by: Günther Noack <gnoack3000@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221018182216.301684-2-gnoack3000@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
Idiomatic way to find how much space sprintf output would take is
len = snprintf(NULL, 0, ...) + 1;
Once upon a time there'd been libc implementations that blew chunks
on that and somebody had come up with the following "cute" trick:
len = snprintf((char *) &len, 1, ...) + 1;
for doing the same. However, that's unidiomatic, harder to follow
*and* any such libc implementation would violate both C99 and POSIX
(since 2001).
IOW, this kludge is best buried along with such libc implementations,
nevermind getting cargo-culted into newer code. Our vsnprintf() does not
suffer that braindamage, TYVM.
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
In order to be able to identify a file exchange with renameat2(2) and
RENAME_EXCHANGE, which will be useful for Landlock [1], propagate the
rename flags to LSMs. This may also improve performance because of the
switch from two set of LSM hook calls to only one, and because LSMs
using this hook may optimize the double check (e.g. only one lock,
reduce the number of path walks).
AppArmor, Landlock and Tomoyo are updated to leverage this change. This
should not change the current behavior (same check order), except
(different level of) speed boosts.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220221212522.320243-1-mic@digikod.net
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Cc: Serge E. Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Reviewed-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220506161102.525323-7-mic@digikod.net
dma-buf:
- rename dma-buf-map to iosys-map
core:
- move buddy allocator to core
- add pci/platform init macros
- improve EDID parser deep color handling
- EDID timing type 7 support
- add GPD Win Max quirk
- add yes/no helpers to string_helpers
- flatten syncobj chains
- add nomodeset support to lots of drivers
- improve fb-helper clipping support
- add default property value interface
fbdev:
- improve fbdev ops speed
ttm:
- add a backpointer from ttm bo->ttm resource
dp:
- move displayport headers
- add a dp helper module
bridge:
- anx7625 atomic support, HDCP support
panel:
- split out panel-lvds and lvds bindings
- find panels in OF subnodes
privacy:
- add chromeos privacy screen support
fb:
- hot unplug fw fb on forced removal
simpledrm:
- request region instead of marking ioresource busy
- add panel oreintation property
udmabuf:
- fix oops with 0 pages
amdgpu:
- power management code cleanup
- Enable freesync video mode by default
- RAS code cleanup
- Improve VRAM access for debug using SDMA
- SR-IOV rework special register access and fixes
- profiling power state request ioctl
- expose IP discovery via sysfs
- Cyan skillfish updates
- GC 10.3.7, SDMA 5.2.7, DCN 3.1.6 updates
- expose benchmark tests via debugfs
- add module param to disable XGMI for testing
- GPU reset debugfs register dumping support
amdkfd:
- CRIU support
- SDMA queue fixes
radeon:
- UVD suspend fix
- iMac backlight fix
i915:
- minimal parallel submission for execlists
- DG2-G12 subplatform added
- DG2 programming workarounds
- DG2 accelerated migration support
- flat CCS and CCS engine support for XeHP
- initial small BAR support
- drop fake LMEM support
- ADL-N PCH support
- bigjoiner updates
- introduce VMA resources and async unbinding
- register definitions cleanups
- multi-FBC refactoring
- DG1 OPROM over SPI support
- ADL-N platform enabling
- opregion mailbox #5 support
- DP MST ESI improvements
- drm device based logging
- async flip optimisation for DG2
- CPU arch abstraction fixes
- improve GuC ADS init to work on aarch64
- tweak TTM LRU priority hint
- GuC 69.0.3 support
- remove short term execbuf pins
nouveau:
- higher DP/eDP bitrates
- backlight fixes
msm:
- dpu + dp support for sc8180x
- dp support for sm8350
- dpu + dsi support for qcm2290
- 10nm dsi phy tuning support
- bridge support for dp encoder
- gpu support for additional 7c3 SKUs
ingenic:
- HDMI support for JZ4780
- aux channel EDID support
ast:
- AST2600 support
- add wide screen support
- create DP/DVI connectors
omapdrm:
- fix implicit dma_buf fencing
vc4:
- add CSC + full range support
- better display firmware handoff
panfrost:
- add initial dual-core GPU support
stm:
- new revision support
- fb handover support
mediatek:
- transfer display binding document to yaml format.
- add mt8195 display device binding.
- allow commands to be sent during video mode.
- add wait_for_event for crtc disable by cmdq.
tegra:
- YUV format support
rcar-du:
- LVDS support for M3-W+ (R8A77961)
exynos:
- BGR pixel format for FIMD device
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Merge tag 'drm-next-2022-03-24' of git://anongit.freedesktop.org/drm/drm
Pull drm updates from Dave Airlie:
"Lots of work all over, Intel improving DG2 support, amdkfd CRIU
support, msm new hw support, and faster fbdev support.
dma-buf:
- rename dma-buf-map to iosys-map
core:
- move buddy allocator to core
- add pci/platform init macros
- improve EDID parser deep color handling
- EDID timing type 7 support
- add GPD Win Max quirk
- add yes/no helpers to string_helpers
- flatten syncobj chains
- add nomodeset support to lots of drivers
- improve fb-helper clipping support
- add default property value interface
fbdev:
- improve fbdev ops speed
ttm:
- add a backpointer from ttm bo->ttm resource
dp:
- move displayport headers
- add a dp helper module
bridge:
- anx7625 atomic support, HDCP support
panel:
- split out panel-lvds and lvds bindings
- find panels in OF subnodes
privacy:
- add chromeos privacy screen support
fb:
- hot unplug fw fb on forced removal
simpledrm:
- request region instead of marking ioresource busy
- add panel oreintation property
udmabuf:
- fix oops with 0 pages
amdgpu:
- power management code cleanup
- Enable freesync video mode by default
- RAS code cleanup
- Improve VRAM access for debug using SDMA
- SR-IOV rework special register access and fixes
- profiling power state request ioctl
- expose IP discovery via sysfs
- Cyan skillfish updates
- GC 10.3.7, SDMA 5.2.7, DCN 3.1.6 updates
- expose benchmark tests via debugfs
- add module param to disable XGMI for testing
- GPU reset debugfs register dumping support
amdkfd:
- CRIU support
- SDMA queue fixes
radeon:
- UVD suspend fix
- iMac backlight fix
i915:
- minimal parallel submission for execlists
- DG2-G12 subplatform added
- DG2 programming workarounds
- DG2 accelerated migration support
- flat CCS and CCS engine support for XeHP
- initial small BAR support
- drop fake LMEM support
- ADL-N PCH support
- bigjoiner updates
- introduce VMA resources and async unbinding
- register definitions cleanups
- multi-FBC refactoring
- DG1 OPROM over SPI support
- ADL-N platform enabling
- opregion mailbox #5 support
- DP MST ESI improvements
- drm device based logging
- async flip optimisation for DG2
- CPU arch abstraction fixes
- improve GuC ADS init to work on aarch64
- tweak TTM LRU priority hint
- GuC 69.0.3 support
- remove short term execbuf pins
nouveau:
- higher DP/eDP bitrates
- backlight fixes
msm:
- dpu + dp support for sc8180x
- dp support for sm8350
- dpu + dsi support for qcm2290
- 10nm dsi phy tuning support
- bridge support for dp encoder
- gpu support for additional 7c3 SKUs
ingenic:
- HDMI support for JZ4780
- aux channel EDID support
ast:
- AST2600 support
- add wide screen support
- create DP/DVI connectors
omapdrm:
- fix implicit dma_buf fencing
vc4:
- add CSC + full range support
- better display firmware handoff
panfrost:
- add initial dual-core GPU support
stm:
- new revision support
- fb handover support
mediatek:
- transfer display binding document to yaml format.
- add mt8195 display device binding.
- allow commands to be sent during video mode.
- add wait_for_event for crtc disable by cmdq.
tegra:
- YUV format support
rcar-du:
- LVDS support for M3-W+ (R8A77961)
exynos:
- BGR pixel format for FIMD device"
* tag 'drm-next-2022-03-24' of git://anongit.freedesktop.org/drm/drm: (1529 commits)
drm/i915/display: Do not re-enable PSR after it was marked as not reliable
drm/i915/display: Fix HPD short pulse handling for eDP
drm/amdgpu: Use drm_mode_copy()
drm/radeon: Use drm_mode_copy()
drm/amdgpu: Use ternary operator in `vcn_v1_0_start()`
drm/amdgpu: Remove pointless on stack mode copies
drm/amd/pm: fix indenting in __smu_cmn_reg_print_error()
drm/amdgpu/dc: fix typos in comments
drm/amdgpu: fix typos in comments
drm/amd/pm: fix typos in comments
drm/amdgpu: Add stolen reserved memory for MI25 SRIOV.
drm/amdgpu: Merge get_reserved_allocation to get_vbios_allocations.
drm/amdkfd: evict svm bo worker handle error
drm/amdgpu/vcn: fix vcn ring test failure in igt reload test
drm/amdgpu: only allow secure submission on rings which support that
drm/amdgpu: fixed the warnings reported by kernel test robot
drm/amd/display: 3.2.177
drm/amd/display: [FW Promotion] Release 0.0.108.0
drm/amd/display: Add save/restore PANEL_PWRSEQ_REF_DIV2
drm/amd/display: Wait for hubp read line for Pollock
...
__setup() handlers should return 1 if the parameter is handled.
Returning 0 causes the entire string to be added to init's
environment strings (limited to 32 strings), unnecessarily polluting it.
Using the documented strings "TOMOYO_loader=string1" and
"TOMOYO_trigger=string2" causes an Unknown parameter message:
Unknown kernel command line parameters
"BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/bzImage-517rc5 TOMOYO_loader=string1 \
TOMOYO_trigger=string2", will be passed to user space.
and these strings are added to init's environment string space:
Run /sbin/init as init process
with arguments:
/sbin/init
with environment:
HOME=/
TERM=linux
BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/bzImage-517rc5
TOMOYO_loader=string1
TOMOYO_trigger=string2
With this change, these __setup handlers act as expected,
and init's environment is not polluted with these strings.
Fixes: 0e4ae0e0de ("TOMOYO: Make several options configurable.")
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Reported-by: Igor Zhbanov <i.zhbanov@omprussia.ru>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/64644a2f-4a20-bab3-1e15-3b2cdd0defe3@omprussia.ru
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Cc: tomoyo-dev-en@lists.osdn.me
Cc: "Serge E. Hallyn" <serge@hallyn.com>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
hwight16() is much faster. While we are at it, no need to include
"perm =" part into data_race() macro, for perm is a local variable
that cannot be accessed by other threads.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
If tomoyo is used in a testing/fuzzing environment in learning mode,
for lots of domains the quota will be exceeded and stay exceeded
for prolonged periods of time. In such cases it's pointless (and slow)
to walk the whole acl list again and again just to rediscover that
the quota is exceeded. We already have the TOMOYO_DIF_QUOTA_WARNED flag
that notes the overflow condition. Check it early to avoid the slowdown.
[penguin-kernel]
This patch causes a user visible change that the learning mode will not be
automatically resumed after the quota is increased. To resume the learning
mode, administrator will need to explicitly clear TOMOYO_DIF_QUOTA_WARNED
flag after increasing the quota. But I think that this change is generally
preferable, for administrator likely wants to optimize the acl list for
that domain before increasing the quota, or that domain likely hits the
quota again. Therefore, don't try to care to clear TOMOYO_DIF_QUOTA_WARNED
flag automatically when the quota for that domain changed.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
find_vma() and variants need protection when used. This patch adds
mmap_assert_lock() calls in the functions.
To make sure the invariant is satisfied, we also need to add a
mmap_read_lock() around the get_user_pages_remote() call in
get_arg_page(). The lock is not strictly necessary because the mm has
been newly created, but the extra cost is limited because the same mutex
was also acquired shortly before in __bprm_mm_init(), so it is hot and
uncontended.
[penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp: TOMOYO needs the same protection which get_arg_page() needs]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/58bb6bf7-a57e-8a40-e74b-39584b415152@i-love.sakura.ne.jp
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210731175341.3458608-1-lrizzo@google.com
Signed-off-by: Luigi Rizzo <lrizzo@google.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix gcc W=1 warnings:
security/tomoyo/audit.c:331: warning: Function parameter or member 'matched_acl' not described in 'tomoyo_get_audit'
security/tomoyo/securityfs_if.c:146: warning: Function parameter or member 'inode' not described in 'tomoyo_release'
security/tomoyo/tomoyo.c:122: warning: Function parameter or member 'path' not described in 'tomoyo_inode_getattr'
security/tomoyo/tomoyo.c:497: warning: Function parameter or member 'clone_flags' not described in 'tomoyo_task_alloc'
security/tomoyo/util.c:92: warning: Function parameter or member 'time64' not described in 'tomoyo_convert_time'
Signed-off-by: ChenXiaoSong <chenxiaosong2@huawei.com>
[ penguin-kernel: Also adjust spaces and similar warnings ]
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Since commit 3bfe610669 ("io-wq: fork worker threads from original
task") stopped using PF_KTHREAD flag for the io_uring PF_IO_WORKER threads,
tomoyo_kernel_service() no longer needs to check PF_IO_WORKER flag.
(This is a 5.12+ patch. Please don't send to stable kernels.)
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Commit db68ce10c4 ("new helper: uaccess_kernel()") replaced
segment_eq(get_fs(), KERNEL_DS) with uaccess_kernel(). But the correct
method for tomoyo to check whether current is a kernel thread in order
to assume that kernel threads are privileged for socket operations was
(current->flags & PF_KTHREAD). Now that uaccess_kernel() became 0 on x86,
tomoyo has to fix this problem. Do like commit 942cb357ae ("Smack:
Handle io_uring kernel thread privileges") does.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
syzbot is reporting that tomoyo's quota check is racy [1]. But this check
is tolerant of some degree of inaccuracy. Thus, teach KCSAN to ignore
this data race.
[1] https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?id=999533deec7ba6337f8aa25d8bd1a4d5f7e50476
Reported-by: syzbot <syzbot+0789a72b46fd91431bd8@syzkaller.appspotmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Since tomoyo_memory_ok() will check for null pointer returned by
kzalloc() in tomoyo_assign_profile(), tomoyo_assign_namespace(),
tomoyo_get_name() and tomoyo_commit_ok(), then emit OOM warnings
if needed. And this is the expected behavior as informed by
Tetsuo Handa.
Let's add __GFP_NOWARN to kzalloc() in those related functions.
Besides, to achieve this goal, remove the null check for entry
right after kzalloc() in tomoyo_assign_namespace().
Reported-by: Hulk Robot <hulkci@huawei.com>
Suggested-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Zheng Zengkai <zhengzengkai@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Since wildcards that need recursion consume kernel stack memory (or might
cause CPU stall warning problem), we cannot allow infinite recursion.
Since TOMOYO 1.8 survived with 20 recursions limit for 5 years, nobody
would complain if applying this limit to TOMOYO 2.6.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
clang warns about additions on NULL pointers being undefined in C:
security/tomoyo/securityfs_if.c:226:59: warning: arithmetic on a null pointer treated as a cast from integer to pointer is a GNU extension [-Wnull-pointer-arithmetic]
securityfs_create_file(name, mode, parent, ((u8 *) NULL) + key,
Change the code to instead use a cast through uintptr_t to avoid
the warning.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Since commit e2dc9bf3f5 ("umd: Transform fork_usermode_blob into
fork_usermode_driver") started calling execve() on a program written in
a local mount which is not connected to mount tree,
tomoyo_realpath_from_path() started returning a pathname in
"$fsname:/$pathname" format which violates TOMOYO's domainname rule that
it must start with "<$namespace>" followed by zero or more repetitions of
pathnames which start with '/'.
Since $fsname must not contain '.' since commit 79c0b2df79 ("add
filesystem subtype support"), tomoyo_correct_path() can recognize a token
which appears '/' before '.' appears (e.g. proc:/self/exe ) as a pathname
while rejecting a token which appears '.' before '/' appears (e.g.
exec.realpath="/bin/bash" ) as a condition parameter.
Therefore, accept domainnames which contain pathnames which do not start
with '/' but contain '/' before '.' (e.g. <kernel> tmpfs:/bpfilter_umh ).
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
After the cleanup of page fault accounting, gup does not need to pass
task_struct around any more. Remove that parameter in the whole gup
stack.
Signed-off-by: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200707225021.200906-26-peterx@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
To allow the kernel not to play games with set_fs to call exec
implement kernel_execve. The function kernel_execve takes pointers
into kernel memory and copies the values pointed to onto the new
userspace stack.
The calls with arguments from kernel space of do_execve are replaced
with calls to kernel_execve.
The calls do_execve and do_execveat are made static as there are now
no callers outside of exec.
The comments that mention do_execve are updated to refer to
kernel_execve or execve depending on the circumstances. In addition
to correcting the comments, this makes it easy to grep for do_execve
and verify it is not used.
Inspired-by: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200627072704.2447163-1-hch@lst.de
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/87wo365ikj.fsf@x220.int.ebiederm.org
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Since commit 84af7a6194 ("checkpatch: kconfig: prefer 'help' over
'---help---'"), the number of '---help---' has been gradually
decreasing, but there are still more than 2400 instances.
This commit finishes the conversion. While I touched the lines,
I also fixed the indentation.
There are a variety of indentation styles found.
a) 4 spaces + '---help---'
b) 7 spaces + '---help---'
c) 8 spaces + '---help---'
d) 1 space + 1 tab + '---help---'
e) 1 tab + '---help---' (correct indentation)
f) 1 tab + 1 space + '---help---'
g) 1 tab + 2 spaces + '---help---'
In order to convert all of them to 1 tab + 'help', I ran the
following commend:
$ find . -name 'Kconfig*' | xargs sed -i 's/^[[:space:]]*---help---/\thelp/'
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Pull execve updates from Eric Biederman:
"Last cycle for the Nth time I ran into bugs and quality of
implementation issues related to exec that could not be easily be
fixed because of the way exec is implemented. So I have been digging
into exec and cleanup up what I can.
I don't think I have exec sorted out enough to fix the issues I
started with but I have made some headway this cycle with 4 sets of
changes.
- promised cleanups after introducing exec_update_mutex
- trivial cleanups for exec
- control flow simplifications
- remove the recomputation of bprm->cred
The net result is code that is a bit easier to understand and work
with and a decrease in the number of lines of code (if you don't count
the added tests)"
* 'exec-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/user-namespace: (24 commits)
exec: Compute file based creds only once
exec: Add a per bprm->file version of per_clear
binfmt_elf_fdpic: fix execfd build regression
selftests/exec: Add binfmt_script regression test
exec: Remove recursion from search_binary_handler
exec: Generic execfd support
exec/binfmt_script: Don't modify bprm->buf and then return -ENOEXEC
exec: Move the call of prepare_binprm into search_binary_handler
exec: Allow load_misc_binary to call prepare_binprm unconditionally
exec: Convert security_bprm_set_creds into security_bprm_repopulate_creds
exec: Factor security_bprm_creds_for_exec out of security_bprm_set_creds
exec: Teach prepare_exec_creds how exec treats uids & gids
exec: Set the point of no return sooner
exec: Move handling of the point of no return to the top level
exec: Run sync_mm_rss before taking exec_update_mutex
exec: Fix spelling of search_binary_handler in a comment
exec: Move the comment from above de_thread to above unshare_sighand
exec: Rename flush_old_exec begin_new_exec
exec: Move most of setup_new_exec into flush_old_exec
exec: In setup_new_exec cache current in the local variable me
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